'The Mirror of Manchu-Mongolian Literature' (1717) as a source of O.M. Kovalevsky's Mongolian-Russian-French Dictionary (1844)

This paper examines the facts related to the use of material from the bilingual explanatory thematic dictionary “The Mirror of Manchu-Mongolian Literature Published by the Highest Order” published in 1717 in Beijing (hereinafter – HAMM) in the Mongolian-Russian-French Dictionary compiled by O.M. Kovalevsky (Józef Kowalewski) and published in the middle of the 19th century (hereinafter – the MRF). The HAMM dictionary is listed among the sources of the MRF, and many words have corresponding references to the book and folio of this dictionary. In this study, the vocabulary records of these two dictionaries were compared to identify changes reflected subsequently in the MRF dictionary. The paper provides a number of examples showing that most changes concern the grammatical forms of verbs (some were modified, deleted, or added). The choice of verb forms for the MRF dictionary was influenced by two factors: their use in the Mongolian language of that period and the difference in the way of expressing some meanings in the Manchu and Mongolian languages. The HAMM dictionary is an explanatory one, and it is the only dictionary where a parallel translation into the Mongolian language is presented not only for the Manchu words, but for all their interpretations, sometimes numbered up to five. All of them were widely used by O.M. Kovalevsky both for the exact translations into Russian and for the adding and as the result increasing of the headwords. In the paper, this statement is confirmed by numerous examples. The main conclusion of this work is that when compiling his dictionary O.M. Kovalevsky widely used material from the HAMM dictionary. First of all that were the head words, but also their interpretations (basic, additional, and Mongolian interline inserts) which helped for both Russian and French translations, and for expanding the number of headwords

Anthropogenic dust emissions due to livestock trampling in a Mongolian temperate grassland

Mongolian grasslands are a natural dust source region and they contribute to anthropogenic dust due to the long tradition of raising livestock there. Past decades of abrupt changes in a nomadic society necessitate a study on the effects of livestock trampling on dust emissions, so that research studies may help maintain a sustainable ecosystem and well-conditioned atmospheric environment. In this study, we conducted a mini wind tunnel experiment (using a PI-SWERL® device) to measure dust emissions fluxes from trampling (at three disturbance levels of livestock density, N) and zero trampling (natural as the background level) at test areas in a Mongolian temperate grassland. Moreover, we scaled anthropogenic dust emissions to natural dust emissions as a relative consequence of livestock trampling. We found a substantial increase in dust emissions due to livestock trampling. This effect of trampling on dust emissions was persistent throughout all wind friction velocities, u* (varying from 0.44 to 0.82 m s−1). Significantly higher dust loading occurs after a certain disturbance level has been reached by the livestock trampling. Our results suggest that both friction velocity (u*) and disturbance level of livestock density (N) have an enormous combinational effect on dust emissions from the trampling test surface. This means that the effect of livestock trampling on dust emissions can be seen or revealed when wind is strong. Our results also emphasize that better management for livestock allocation coupled with strategies to prevent anthropogenic dust loads are needed. However, there are many uncertainties and assumptions to be improved on in this study

Summary of review findings on health consequences of child non-sexual maltreatment for disorders where data were insufficient to include in meta-analyses.

<p>Summary of review findings on health consequences of child non-sexual maltreatment for disorders where data were insufficient to include in meta-analyses.</p

PRISMA flow diagram showing process of study selection for inclusion in systematic review and meta-analyses.

<p>PRISMA flow diagram showing process of study selection for inclusion in systematic review and meta-analyses.</p

Summary of meta-analysis study characteristics.

a<p>Some ACE questionnaire categories were defined using items adapted from other questionnaires. These were the Conflict Tactics Scale (physical abuse, witnessing interparental violence, and emotional abuse) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (emotional and physical neglect).</p><p>ABQ, Search Institute's Profiles of Student Life: Attitude and Behavior Questionnaire <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Benson1" target="_blank">[177]</a>; AISS, Adjustment Inventory for School Students <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Sinha1" target="_blank">[178]</a>; AUDADIS-IV, Alcohol Use Disorders and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule IV <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Grant1" target="_blank">[179]</a>; AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Saunders1" target="_blank">[180]</a>; AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–alcohol consumption questions <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Bush1" target="_blank">[181]</a>; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory II <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Beck1" target="_blank">[182]</a>; CAGE, CAGE questionnaire <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Mayfield1" target="_blank">[183]</a>; CDC Healthy Days Measure, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Healthy Days Measure <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Centers1" target="_blank">[184]</a>; CDI, Children's Depression Inventory <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Kovacs1" target="_blank">[185]</a>; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Radloff1" target="_blank">[186]</a>; CIDI, Composite International Diagnostic Interview (a standardised diagnostic instrument) <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Kessler1" target="_blank">[187]</a>; CIS-R, Clinical Interview Schedule–Revised <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Lewis1" target="_blank">[188]</a>; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CSTE, Checklist of Stressful and Traumatic Events <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Berk1" target="_blank">[189]</a>; CTQ, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Bernstein1" target="_blank">[190]</a>; CTS, Conflict Tactics Scale <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Straus2" target="_blank">[191]</a>; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DISC-I, National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children I <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Costello1" target="_blank">[192]</a>; DISC-II, National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children II <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Breton1" target="_blank">[193]</a>; DIS-III-R, National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule IIIR <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Robins1" target="_blank">[194]</a>; EDE, Eating Disorder Examination (a standardised investigator-based interview that operationalizes DSM-III-R criteria) <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Cooper1" target="_blank">[195]</a>; ETISR-SF, Early Trauma Inventory Self Report–Short Form <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Bremner2" target="_blank">[196]</a>; GFES, Global Family Environment Scale <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Rey1" target="_blank">[197]</a>; HMO, health maintenance organization; ICI, Incident Classification Interview <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Kilpatrick1" target="_blank">[198]</a>; K-SADS, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-PuigAntich1" target="_blank">[199]</a>; MAST, Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Seltzer1" target="_blank">[200]</a>; MINI, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Lecrubier1" target="_blank">[201]</a>; PBI, Parental Bonding Instrument <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Parker1" target="_blank">[202]</a>; PC-PTSD, Primary Care PTSD Screen <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Prins1" target="_blank">[203]</a>; PERI Life Events Scale, Psychiatric Epidemiological Research Instrument Life Events Scale <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Dohrenwend1" target="_blank">[204]</a>,<a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Newmann1" target="_blank">[205]</a>; PSE, Present State Examination <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Wing1" target="_blank">[206]</a>; SSI, Scale for Suicide Ideation <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Beck2" target="_blank">[207]</a>; SIBQ, Self-Injurious Behavior Questionnaire <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Yates2" target="_blank">[208]</a>; S-L criteria, Silberstein-Lipton criteria <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Silberstein1" target="_blank">[209]</a>; SCID for DSM-III-R, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Spitzer1" target="_blank">[210]</a>; SCID for DSM-IV, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-First1" target="_blank">[211]</a>; TSS, Traumatic Stress Schedule <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Norris1" target="_blank">[212]</a>; YSR, Youth Self-Report <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Achenbach1" target="_blank">[213]</a>.</p

Definition of child maltreatment.

<p>Adapted from Butchart et al. <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349#pmed.1001349-Butchart1" target="_blank">[5]</a>.</p

Summary of meta-analyses on sexually transmitted infections and risky sexual behaviour as consequences of child non-sexual maltreatment.

<p>Summary of meta-analyses on sexually transmitted infections and risky sexual behaviour as consequences of child non-sexual maltreatment.</p

Summary of primary meta-analyses on chronic diseases, lifestyle risk factors, and other physical health outcomes associated with exposure to child non-sexual maltreatment.

<p>Summary of primary meta-analyses on chronic diseases, lifestyle risk factors, and other physical health outcomes associated with exposure to child non-sexual maltreatment.</p

Assessment of study quality.

<p>CIDI, Composite International Diagnostic Interview; DIS, Diagnostic Interview Schedule; DISC, Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children; SES, socioeconomic status.</p